Rabu, 30 November 2016

cancer de colon

cancer de colon.csv

cancer de colon

[title]

>> good afternoon, everyone. welcome back to those who have been here for much of the day, a wonderful symposium on mitochondrial biology and disease. welcome to those who haven't been here all day & have come for the wednesday afternoon lecture by

dr. douglas wallace a mitochondrial etiology of metabolic and degenerative diseases, cancer and aging. i've had the pleasure of knowing doug since we've shared interests in the field of human genetics. he got his undergrad degree at

cornell, two years in the public health service, here? no, i was hoping you were in the nih gang of the yellow berets, but went on to get his ph.d. at yale. after that, he spent seven years at stanford, i guess he's one of those people who gets restless,

ended up at emory where he was for a significant period of time in a productive period of time, almost 19 years, then moved to university of california, irvine, and most recently four years ago has moved to the university of pennsylvania and children's hospital of

philadelphia where he has perhaps one of the longest titles i've seen in a while, michael and charles barnett endowed chair in pediatric mitochondrial disease. he has defined the field of human mitochondrial genetics, mitochondrial dna, back there a

few years ago demonstrating the very first example of a disease that is inherited because of mutations in mitochondrial dna and therefore inherited through the maternal line. a long list of other achievements for which he's been recognized by election to the

national academy of sciences, institute of medicine, and most recently received the highest prize given in genetics, the gruber foundation genetics prize in 2012. we're fortunate to have him here to talk to us this afternoon. please join me in welcoming dr.

doug wallace. [applause] >> i want to really thank you, francis, for being here, for the gracious introduction. thank you very much, steve, for all the effort you put in having the fabulous speakers we heard today, for all of you for being

here this afternoon. we're at as francis mentioned to me a unique time. there's no time in western medicine, biomedical science with more tools and more opportunities to make real impact on the health of our society, at the same time we're

looking at continual decline in the support for our sciences, with particular anxiety and concern for the future of our young scientists who of course are the future for this field. and we have to ask ourselves at this point why is it that our society is turning away from the

concept that biomedical research could actually be a major asset to them, why are they then pulling back from their support? and i think the reason for that is that unfortunately, there is an inverse correlation between the frequency of the diseases that impact our society, and our

ability to diagnose them effectively and treat them. and this means that for the vast majority of the american citizens and also for those throughout the world there's a growing dissolutionment with what medicine can do, since these are the very problems that

they are confronted with. so having this problem in front of us which i think we must admit is true we have to ask ourselves then why is it with all the effort that you all are putting in and with all the support that governments and private industry have provided

throughout the world, why haven't we been able to do better? why haven't we cured a single case of alzheimer's disease? why is diabetes increasing? why is obesity an epidemic, et cetera, et cetera. and there was a philosopher of

science, timus kuhn who proposed a number years ago when scientific effort is invested more and more heavily in trying to solve some problems, and yet progress seems to not be moving forward at the rate you would expect, it may be time to ask, what are the basic premises on

which the every did he ever didhe endeavors are addressed and are they the right ones and what are the problems we're concerned about? there are all the neuro psychiatric diseases, being in pediatrics, i went to look at pediatric seduces, one of the most obvious is autism, now

assumed to be one in 88 boys being affected, or alzheimer's, parkinson's, migraine, depression, schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive, myalgia, chronic disease, visceral diseases, gastrointestinal, or metabolic, type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension,

inflammatory disease, lupus, cancer and aging, all of these are in fact the major concerns we have and yet they are the ones that we seem to be least able to address. if kuhn is right that maybe there's something wrong with how we approach, we should ask what

are the basic assumption? i'd like to propose western medical philosophy has been based on two basic ideas, one that goes back to a man named visalius 500 years ago in it el, the firsitaly,the first todefine the anatomy of the human body, a breakthrough, and all future

physicians and future investigators then began to specialize in different parts of the body. so now today we have ophthalmologists, nephrologists, all or began-specific specialties. it led to an unspoken corollary,

if you have a headache, you get referred to the neurologist because the assumption is there's something wrong with your head. that is the idea is if you have a specific tissue-specific symptom this must be due to a tissue-specific defect.

the other idea goes back to gregor mendel, observed a subset followed a pattern where it seemed like the adult plant had two copies of something, each sex cell got one of those copies, and then offspring got two copies, we call that the laws of mendelian inheritance.

the turn of the century, studying the anatomy of the fruit fly, almost every one of their anatomical problems was inherited according to the pattern and soon learned the chromosomes followed those same ideas and that led to what we call the mendelian laws of

inheritance. the idea there's a law or laws of inheritance has an unstated corollary, if something is transmitted in a family according to the laws of mendel, genetic. if not, it's environmental. the two ideas held us in good

stead, we made progress, but maybe they exhaustioned somexhausted their capacity to serve us because all of the mendelian genes on chromosomes are where the anatomical genes are, there was an intern consis consistency. life is not just about anatomy, it's about being animated.

in fact, you're the most animated thing in our known environment. and newton indicated, again half a millenia ago, any kind of malter was inanimate unless it was acted on by energy. you're highly animated, one of the most important things about

you is the flow of energy. so therefore we can realize life is really interaction of anatomy, energy and information for anatomy and information for energy. once we realize energy is something we should also be looking at, that enwe can

realize that different organs rely on energy to different extents. so you could then imagine a situation with a partial energetic defect and it would specifically affect those organs that had the highest energy demand.

and that in fact turns out to be the brain, heart, muscle, renal and endocrine systems, and some are not inherit and not according to the laws of mendel and therefore this whole aspect of inheritance had been overlooked from a clinical point of view.

so now we really have basically four sets of paradigms, when we add these together i think, i hope to be able to convince you we'll have a more coherent view of the disease process. so where did this dichotomy of energy and anatomy come from? in a symbiosis two billion years

ago between a bacteria and an oxidative bacteria, the alpha proteal material that came together to form a relationship, that ultimately became tight enough that they merged together. the genome which was the same size as the original bacteria

began to accumulate genes because bacteria exchange genes. it's what they do. there was a gene flow from the oxidative bacteria to the methianogej nucleus. why would there be a gene cell? turns out that it takes about one bacteria size cell's energy

to replicate its dna, transcribe into rna and translate into protein. the reason bacteria don't have bigger genomes is they can't make enough energy. energy is limiting through the bioenergetic process. through the biosynthetic

process. if all the bacteria would use up all the energy, there would be no advances. but if in fact a gene from thethe bacterium was transferred to the nucleus, instead of having to have a thousand copies, one in every bacterium, you could have

only two. now those two in the nucleus could be replicated, transcribed, translated with a thousand-fold savings of energy. by this transfer then of genes from the mitochondria to the nucleus, there was a tremendous energy savings.

and that energy savings then created enough raw energy to allow the nucleus to accumulate 25,000 genes and thus allow multi-cellurity to occur for arms, legs, questions. we have two organisms that have undergone a specialization, specialized in anatomy and in

how does this energy flow through our cells? for us that live on the surface of the earth, high energy photons impinge and takes the energy from the sunlight and splits water into hydrogen and oxygen, releases oxygen in the atmosphere and then the plant

then uses that hydrogen condensed with cardon t carbonto give you sugar. we get the energy of sunlight in the starch in the plants, why we cleared the midwest. we eat the starch, it goes into our cells, split into two, the mitochondria strips the hydrogen

to give you the water back and release energy in chemical form as atp, kinetic form as heat. the important point, all energy flow is not through the nuclear cytocolic organism but bacteria. until we understand the flow, we can't understand the pathophysiology of complex

so this is mitochondrial biochemistry lesson from hell. i never had a medical student that liked it but in fact i love it and therefore you'll be tortured. we have an outer membrane, inner membrane space, matrix, this is the mitochondria, glucose has

gone through glycolysis, the cycle strips the hydrogen off the carbon and puts them into this carrier, nad, to give you the reduced form, nadh. we're going to burn those with oxygen you're breathing, electrons flow down the wire, reducing to a molecule of water.

the priso problem with electronflow, it's difficult to store the energy because it's kinetic. how did mother nature solve this problem? she solved that by creating a capacitor, it pumps positive charges to the insulator into the membrane space to give you

positive on the outside, alkaline and negative on the inside, the great insight of peter mitchell. this stored energy can then be used for lots of purposes, one of which can be used to adp into atp which can be exchanged, goes through the voltage channel and

the atp can do work. we've coupled oxidation with phosphorylation. now everybody in this room has a different efficiency at ox-phos. some are efficient and converting hydrogen into atp, tightly coupled. every calorie you eat is one

unit of heat, the most efficient people eat the less leaf calories for maximum amount of work and generate least amount of heat. other people are less efficient, and these people are loosely coupled, and therefore to make the same amount of atp they have

to eat more calories. by burning more calories they are making proportionally more heat per unit work. this coupling efficiency as i'm going to argue is a very, very important component of the variation of people in the room and in the world.

now, this system is like any furnace, it has incomplete oxidation, combustion, that's personified by the electrons and complex one and three, being able to donate directly to o 2 to give you an unpaired electron which wants to oxidize lipids, proteins and dna, two will be

dismutated into hydrogen peroxide, you can get another electron to give you a radical which an unpaired electron, oxidizing your mitochondria and your cells, the oxygen radicals. but you'll also see they are critical in signaling. the mitochondria being a

capacitor picks up positive charge regulating calcium and permeability transition pore, self destruct system, normally a closed door, maintaining the membrane pr potential but whenit declines, calcium overload becomes high, oxidative stress is high, it goes from closed

door to open channel, shorts the circuit, membrane potential, the strength of the matrix causes fluids to flow in, inner membrane swells, bax and bat form a negative a channel, restoring protein, degrading the nucleus and cytosol when mitochondrial energetics is

impaired. the mitochondria generationurges energy, regulates redox, at high levels is damaging, regulates calcium, cell death, regulates things like atp. basically then what we can think of the cell as two life forms, nuclear cntosolic life forms,

genes in the nucleus, and about one to two thousand of the nuclear encoded proteins were originally from the mitochondrial dna and are now made on the cytosol and transported to make the anatomy of the mitochondria. these are translated on

mitochondrial-specific ribosomes, sensitive, and these 13 proteins are seven of the 45 proteins of complex 1, one of the 11 proteins of complex 3, 3 of the 13 proteins of 4, two of the 17 of complex five. you might ask, if you put 2000 genes in the nucleus why keep

13? the answer, i believe, comes from the fact that every one of the proteins is complex 1, 3, 4 and 5. and what do 1, 3, 4 and 5 have in common? the membrane potential. so these proteins then are the

wiring diagram of the power plant. if any one of these complexes became leaky for proton, it would short the capacitor, once that collapses you lose your potential for energy, stop breathing, become inert, we call that dead.

this then is critical this system be maintained, as all of these enzymes have to co-evolve and be balanced together. so how does that occur? well, the problem then is you can't have recombination, because if we mixed and match mitochondrial dna from any two

of you, you have slightly different circuit diagrams, we get a mismatched circuit that would short. so in fact we cannot allow recombination. that's what the nucleus does. so mother nature had to solve this problem.

being a woman, she solved the in a logical say weighing the mitochondrial dna would be inherited only from the mother, so it's inherited to her children, daughters to their children, a male's mitochondrial are selectively thrown out and destroyed.

men have been thrown out for two billion years, don't feel bad. [ laughter ] each cell then has thousands of these mitochondrial dna's and they are constantly replicating inside your cell. so they are represent indicating, increasing in

number. they are beating eaten up, creating muteand and normal bacteria. red is mutant, blue is normal. if the cell divided down this way, both cells would have mute quantity anmutant and normal. point is mitochondrial dna

genotypes segregate during mitosis. a heteroplastic sky goa zygotewill give rise to twins with different phenotypes, or if heteropass plastic, some would be primarily mutant, and the more there were, the less energy, the equivalent of metropolitan brownout.

organ systems would malfunction, that turns out to be the brain. we have a high mutation rate. we'll talk about why that is but the mutagen is probably ros. did did transfer rna's punctuate genes, and complex one, complex four, six and eight for complex five with a control region that

regulation transcription and replication. so it has a very high mutation rate. one of the things that we get is ma ternally inherited disease. this mutation, a nucleotide position, if you inherit that from your mother you're fine

until mid-life and you'll go deaf. this gives you diabetes, a high percentage gives you stroke, even higher level will kill you as an infant. mutation in the trna gene at 8344 gives you a kind of epilepsy, there are hundreds of

these protein synthesis maternally inherited genes. with one you'll be fine until mid-life and lose vision in one eye. up here, the same mutation, 14484 gives you the same phenotype, 14459, when the mutation at 8993, 70% gives you

retinaized pigmentation, some of the subunit 1 genes in prostate cancer. we heard several nice lectures in that area so i dropped them for time's sake. the mitochondrial genome involves thousands of on one totwo thousand nuclear genes, 35

mitochondrial genes, ma ternally inherited diseases. everybody in the room has a different sequence. some are common, this one is found in 3/4 of subsaharan africans, this arose in asia, crossing the behring land bridge, and these i'm going to

argue changed the mitochondrial physiology to allow people to adapt to different environments. okay. so once we begin to think energetically, getting close to the introduction, be patient, once we begin to think energetically, then we can

realize we can think about anatomy from an energetic point high energy tissues like the brain has the highest energy demand, lowest research, 2% of the body weight, usese uses 20%of oxygen. a 10% reduction in oxygen will give you a bad headache.

we have results on hearts, renal, endocrine, they can be more tolerant. we have energy storage tissues, adipose stores fat. we have an energy homeostasis tissue, the liver, why does it regulate blood glucose? that's your connection with

sunlight. an energy sensitive tissue, pancreatic beta cell tells the swells to switch to tor glycolysis, or turn on cyclic amp to burn fat. all of this leads to this concept that if we now move anatomy out of the center of our

thinking and put in energetics, all of the common complex diseases could be understood from the same patho physiological message. this is the majority of the energy and the most sensitive. so we could have variation in nuclear genes, mutations or poly

morphisms, changes in the expression that would have changed energetics. this is how you process all your calories, and the oxygen that you're breathing. it's where the source of energy to grow, mature and reproduce are.

it's also the most sensitive to toxins, so if you don't like your neighbor, you want her to stop bothering you, put a little cyanide in your tea. she'll stop bothering you. almost all the major toxins are direct inhibitors ever mitochondria.

why? that's your achilles heel. if you inhibit function, you will accumulate somatic mutation because replication is not going well give you a decline in function. and that gives you the delayed onset of progressive course we

see in all complex diseases and aging and we believe that's the aging clock. what would be the intermediatates, partial defects? they are going to affect the brain, heart, muscle and renal, with the complex diseases.

it willeit will also meshperturb the flow of energy in your system. every time a cell breaks open, if the mitochondria are not digested, you're going to release those poly peptides and other things and you're going to amass a massive inflammation response.

this is a very growing area right now, the so-called damps, the inflammation system secondary to most of the degenerative diseases. finally, how you manage energy is critical to whether cancer grows, it's not that one system is defect active, cancer cell

has the ability to switch. that's the background. now we're going to have examples. this is just the family where this person went blind, related to this female, to this person went blind, these people, to this female, these men went

blind and this woman, and then to this female, this blind person and it's a late onset disease, young people didn't show it. this is neuropathy, this is a mutation. some of the things you can immediately see about this, not

everybody on the maternal line is blind. people thought this was an excellenexcellent geneoriginally, there's a 4 to 1 preference in males. why would you have that with male bias? male bias is in fact a theme.

one of the interesting things is that you also see it in autism, in parkinson's disease, many of these complex diseases show this male bias which we think is a sex limited feature of energetics. still, that asks the question, why is it there's variability in

a mitochondrial dna disease gene? one of the major factors is the background in which that mutation occurs. the mitochondrial disease, everybody here has a different mitochondrial dna. a mutation would have different

effectings oeffects on you. here are three, there are now dozens. this one causes a severe complex one defect, 1178, a moderate defect, and a mild, yet they all give the same phenotype. why would that be? the answer is that the

background is important. this is group j found in 20% of people of european background. this severe mutation doesn't matter your background, whether it's j or not. you're going to go blind. this more moderate one, one-third of the people are also

j, so j had to increase the penetrance, and for this mild one almost 3/4 are j. so in fact j increased the penetrance of the milder mutations. here is another mutation. that also will increase the so what are these lineages?

these lineages are in fact continent and regional specific mitochondrial dna lines. so if i sequence the mitochondrial dna of everybody in the room, any two of you, with nucleotide substitutions, would be proportional if you shared a common mother, by using

that logic, and sequencing the mitochondrial dna of indigenous people around the world we found in fact mitochondrial dna initiated in africa about 150,000 years ago, gave rise to l-1 and l-2, pi pygmies,southeast asia, the tropics, down to australia, but did something

unique, moving north to the temperate zone, and h, j, tu, v and m moved north, and 20,000 years ago the americas were colonized. all aleles are found throughout the world. this women need to be able to run away from lions, otherwise

they get eaten. how do they run from lions? they have to be efficient. up here the lions froze to death. how are they going to solve that accumulating mitochondrial dna mutations that decrease coupling efficiency.

now they have to eat a high fat diet for the same amount of atp generating more internal heat. they will have to kill marine mammals, everybody will look down on them. that's the way it is. the point is that these mitochondrial dna lineages

became adaptive and they allowed our ancestors to live in these different geographical regions, this shows out of africa, lineage m which stayed in the topics has synonymous mutations, random mutations, but n which moved to the temperate zone, has three.

what does that do? decreased the membrane potential and altered calcium metabolism making it less efficient. an amin amino acid, thisvariant, this amino acid is conserved down. these mutations in the b gene, this one is conserved in all

mesozoans all the way to e. coli. wait a minute. the amino acid changes conserved throughout species evolution, poly morphic in this room, that's upside down from everybody we've been talk about molecular evolution.

how could this be? remember, the mitochondrial dna has incredibly high mutation how would it work then? the idea that we have is that when -- so this is the mean environment, the most common we have then a mitochondrial lineage that has become adapted

to an extreme environment, two standard deviations, it then is going to acquire a mutation, some already functional, creating lineages that move back toward the modal environment, ultimately fixing these functional mutations with random variation.

that then will radiate and then acquire the functional mutationingmutationsand create amode enough to create a new species, you go back through the system again. when you take the average of the species, the environment has selected for convergent evolution on the same amino acid

changes. at extreme ends, we have then the functional variations that we see in the arctic or extreme africa. i think then this is the driving force for adaptation within species whereas nuclear variation is the driving force

for adaptation between species. this is studies in tibet. we sequenced mitochondrial dna fromty yetian tibetans at manyaltitudes. there's lineage m and n. out of africa is m and n. what we found in tibet is that this mutation, t-339-4c arose three independent times.

if we ask the frequency of that mutation verses altitude, we see as the altitude increases, so this this. there is an odds ratio, this occurs by chance over 25. so what this means is this mutation is being selected by altitude.

but wait a minute. that's the same variant we said increases penetrance of labors. how could it be bad for labors, good for altitude? this is another variant. we'll come back to that. this is another lineage, lineage for f-4, this is just looking at

obesity, one of many, many studdize we'vstudies we've beendoing. it has a significant effect, increased bmi levels, we can do that for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, on and on. that i variant occurred seven to seven thousand years ago in

europe, it's only about .4% of europeans, but if you now look at people with alzheimer's and parkinson's disease, 3% have alzheimer's, 5% -- 3% of alzheimer's have the mutation. it predisposes to late onset neurodegenerative disease. a mutation spontaneous, 3397,

this is a code, but that's the adjacent codon to the mutation, this one gives you adpd. how do we make sense of this? what we realize sentence phenotype depends on context. out of africa, we have l, and that gives rise to n with these two founding mutations, and the

trna glutamin is predisposed, we can get this, that's toxic and gives you adpd. however, you can get the 3394 mutation, that is at a higher frequency increasing your risk of labors but also obesity and diabetes. but over here, when we skipped

these mutations, in that context, high altitude, this particular mutation is now common and it's adaptive to altitude because this is only bad when it's in the context of these. so how can we show you that's functionally important?

we take blood platelets, we have a cell line that lacks its own mitochondria, we select for these somatic self hybrids, and we assays. f is the diabetes, you can see when we have this c mutation, we get a 15 to 30% reduction in complex 1, so it's functionally

important. look at the relationship between the t alele for f and b. b and f not only are relavent to each other, relavent to the new finally if we look at the lineage, the c is as good as the t mutation on b. background is everything.

con text is what matters with mitochondrial energetics. we can then use these lineages to do a lot of association, and they have correlated with risk for alzheimer's, aids, osteoporosis, aging, cancers, athletic performance. all right.

so how can i prove to you in fact these are relevant to disease? what we did is we created a mouse which has a specific mitochondrial dna point mutation, we made this originally to look at whether we could show that these mutations

in fact caused the disease. in one line, with a frame shift, in this this, we take the for examplementfragmentand takethis, put it into a foster mother, got chimeric female and bread through the female line, thus picking up the so this shows in fact the mutation which was insertion of

extra c, throwing it out of frame. this embryonic stem cell deleted the adjacent t an and revertedback to wildtype and carry the mutation in the co-1. after many tries we got this particular embryonic stem cell line and the female with this

line had in different organs different percentages of the mutant, replicated segregation. we crossed this female with a nuclear match control, she started with 47%, her first and second litters were 16%, the third litter was 6%, fourth, fifth and sixth were 0%, there

was a selective loss of the frame shift. we took the 16% and mated them, six or zero. we supe super ovulated them. this is a truncated distribution, in the ovary there's a system that selects against dilatarious mutations.

why would that be important? if you have an exquisitely high mutation rate, for genes absolutely critical for life, you let all those mutations into the population, the population would go extinct. since mitochondria can function in a single cell, you can now

have selective pressure on the cell before you ever get a zygote, allowing us to have a very high mutation rate without genetic load. let's say we segregate the mutation and this creates a reduction, gives you degenerating muscle fibers,

cardiomyopathy and muscle symptoms. let's talk about another disease, a family reported, this woman had 50% of a mutation that changed this gene, and she had cerebellar. all their children died. we have the inheritance of this

heteroplasmic mutation. an article just came out that argues darwin's family, the reason he was sick, he had a mutation, if you trace his pedigree, everybody on the maternal pedigree is affected. that's an aside. what we have is this random

segregation of heteroplasmy. how can we see if this is the causal mutation? we screen for many years to find a cell line with exactly that here it is. we take our female embryonic stem cell, put in the mitochondrial dna, the foster

mother, transmit the mutation. what do we get? this is looking at the optic nerve, this is the control optic nerve with the normal fibers and you can see in the mutant swollen fibers. in fact, the small caliber high energy fibers are preferentially

affected. you can see that the red are the normal mice, the blue are the mutant, and you can see there's a bias towards small caliber fibers in the wildtype versus blue and that gets worse as they age. if we then look at these more

generally we see demyelennation, what you would see in multiple sclerosis. in families, males go blind, females get multiple sclerosis. this is just looking at this cell line. we decline in react activity in the basal ganglia, increase in

anxiety, depressive effect. we see severe effects on motor and we see a learning disability. and if we now do an mri we can see we're getting specific alterations in the fiber density. this mitochondrial dna point

mutation nucleus perfectly normal is giving you clinical neurological phenotypes of what we would call parkinson's so that means that this must be an energetic disease because that's the only change that has occurred. so how can we tell more about

this disease? well, now that we have a mouse we can isolate and study the mitochondria in situ. we find this complex 1 defect rejuicereduces energetics 30%has no affect on atp level but affects respiration at rest but it can go to normal but the react reactive

oxygen goes to high levels. now, let's age these co 1 mice to two months. now we see we get insulin resistance. here is the insulin level of the mutant and wildtype and for the co-1 we now have a glucose intolerance.

so this point mutation then is generating all the phenotypes that we see in common diseases. so, okay, those are pathogenic mutations, but what about naturally occurring variants like you have in we decided to try and mix two naturally occurring mitochondrial dna's,

we mixed nzb with 129, put anytime the animal, now we have the founder female and that's the nzb, 129, this is her daughter. we mated her and all of they are offspring, males or females, have the heteroplasma and daughters transi transmitted,males do

not. these animals have been back-crossed 20 generationings on a common inbred background so there's no nuclear variation within what we can control for. so now what we do is take the heteroplasmic animal and ask the phenotype.

if we look at activity, we find the 129 and nzb are active at night as they should be, but the heteroplasmic are hypo active, associated with food -- decreased food intake. the respiratory control ratio is slightly lower but when we put them in an environment, they

become hyper-excitable. can they learn? here is black is nzb, blue has different bouts of learning, to take this open field with all these holes around the middle, and around the outside, and there's a black box there, they are colored symbols to find

their way, and they learn over time how to find the box and hide. so both -- all three lines learn, heteroplasmic learns more slowly. megan let the animals rest for a day and asked them if they could remember the task, 129 and nzb

immediately ran in the hole. the heteroplasmic are completely forgotten. having two perfectly normal mitochondrial dna's we can get many features of learning disabilities and obsessive compulsive behavior and depression.

now let's look at a nuclear mutation, this translocator, and isoforms make this nonlethal, this occurred in switzerland 500 years ago, we traced a huge pedigree in north america and ultimately we get these people having heart disease. that maps the chromosome four, a

frame shift mutation boodle. they have heart disease and myopathy. every heart beat in the wildtype humans is normal, but of the ant we see highly disrhythmic effect. green is normal, red is abnormal.

but there's a major difference. some much the individuals can live till their 40, with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. some of the individuals at very early childhood develop a massive dilated cardiomyopathy requiring a heart transplanned and havtransplantsand would die.

why the difference? it's all about the mitochondrial group, h has normal, and those with u progress to transplantation. to prove to you that that's true, we created a mouse with the same -- with an ant defect, normal mouse will run.

oxygen use in red, co2 given off, using aerobic exercise, can run for long periods of time. the knockout mouse runs and falls down. it has then an accumulation of mitochondria, succinate dehydrogenase, creating now, oops, these are then the

heart echoes of wildtype co 1, nd-6, ant, ant-c oco 1. this is heart can hardly beat. this is the repertoire with h versus u mitochondrial dna. so we can then quantify that by velocity vector imaging, wildtype we get uniform heart beats, and this shows the same

so we can then now quantify all this so now we're looking at different cardiac effects. in this case, diastolic die amounter of the leap ventriclethey are uniform. this is bad. this is ejection fraction, and if we now look at the velocity

vector images you can see we in fact have a direct relationship between the mitochondrial dna and nucleus. and if we look at lifespan, these guy quickly relative to wildtype, the others intermediatate, others are normal.

c, you can see a progress of abnormal mitochondria. so what that shows then is that mitochondrial variation naturally occurring has also had a big effect on the penetrance of even classic mendelian nuclear genes. last point to be made, this is

the family with the 3243 mutation, i saw this family in the early '80s. this woman had lack particular acidosis, these are the children, we could examine them. these are not. they all died in late teens or early 20s, muscle fibers were

degenerating, wolf parkinson white conduction defects. we took the heteroplasmic cell lines and this without mitochondrial dna and fused that to this cell creating different percentages. this family was 70% mutant had cardiomyopathy, 10 to 30% type

one, type two diabetes or autism, this is bizarre, this is supposed to be an auto-immune disease, this is metabolic but the same mutation causes both diseases, yet at high levels will kill you as an infant. we could ask what's different about these different genotypes?

we can see as the percentage of mutant mitochondrial dna as the percentage of mutant increases the protein synthesis incorporation in this mitochondrial dna coded subunit declines, there's a threshold effect, oxygen consumption stays constant until 60% and falls

off. we see alterations in mitochondrial morphology and for the -- from zero, 20, 30% a remarkable decline in cell size. we're seeing simple changes in mitochondrial genotype, by only 10%, has a big effect on cell physiology.

to cut a long story short we've have done rna seq, in fact autism, that's one transcriptional profile from the nucleus. 50 to 90%, that's another transcriptional profile, the third kills the infants. this is the normal gene

expression profile. this is the 20 to 30% here. completely opposite is the 50 to 90%, and then 100%. so what this is saying is subtle changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics is causing phase shifts in the epi genome expression, and this expression

we believe creates these phenotypic changes related to cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and so on, it's the nuclear cyto plasmic cross talk that's important. the nuclear organism, the anatomy of energyics, this can tolerate a high mutation rate,

this is low because all the mutations have to go through development before they can be acted on by selection, and therefore a high mutation rate would be dilatarious. the energetics. mitochondria make the atp and acetyl, why would that be?

the nucleus can't do anything without enough energy and has to know the energy flux through the ntsb. it used high energy intermediatates to change the expression to be replicated, transcribed and translated when there was enough energy.

now that says if this concept is correct, then these are the major interest specific variables related to phenotype, primarily intraspecific. i'd like to end by thanking plane years of wonderful colleagues and i don't even know that's that clear, but people

here, alicia, danielle, kirsten, pietro, brian morrow, mark and katrina, the studies in tibet done with the people at third military medical university, and the ophthalmology studies, our epi genomic studies by paulo corsi, the cardiology studies, the family we studied in

pennsylvania, with kevin strauss of the clinic for special children and our long-term anthropologic studies. thank you very much. >> we have time for a few questions. the microphones are in the aisles.

use them so people watching on the video can hear the we're hope for questions. you showed the data where the heteroplasmy was the problem. the homoplasmy was fine. >> so, thank you, francis. again, let me reiterate. the mitochondrial dnas are

perfectly normal mice, just collected from different environments. but they still differ by about as many nucleotides as you do. but those, some of those are amino acid substitutions. remember, anything in a different environment will have

a slightly different amino acid substitution. we've taken one mitochondrial dna with two or three changes and another mitochondrial dna with three or four different ones, put them together and asked them to make the same multi-subunit complexes.

and so now you have a problem of a uniform nucleus but trying to insert different poly peptides into the site. >> over here. >> so when you have cells that have some mitochondria with mitochondrial dna with and without mutations have you tried

to manipulate in hands, mitt oh mitophagy, manipulations done in receivvivo, autophagy would havea benefit in any patient? >> very good question, mark. i didn't have time, obviously, for obvious reasons, to go into our efforts to develop diagnostics and therapeutics.

this is in the therapeutic area. i would like to mention carlos' work, creating enzymes that will see specific mitochondrial dna mutations, let's say pathogenic, put that enzyme in the nucleus and that protein goes into the mitochondrial dna, sees it as foreign and digests it.

he can change the heteroplasmy by that problem. we have a problem, how to deliver such a vector to all the cells in the body but we're actively working on ways of doing those things. eric shone has put them into a keto genic diet burning fat, he

can shift the heteroplasma that way, a more credible way of treating patients but we don't have the sample size at this point. the national institute of child health has been supporting a major effort to begin to get a patient registry so that we can

do clinical trials and we're grateful for their support on that. >> thank you very much, professor, for your presentation as well as your contributions in this field. i have the same question as i asked last year.

how to get the definition of mitochondrial disease, for example some of the diseases are based on the mutation of mitochondria, encoding proteins, we can see it's a definite disease, but for some other diseases such as mutation of the other proteins in the

mitochondria, it can affect the mitochondrial function as well as the mitochondria activity. so how do you think those disorders belong to mitochondria disease or are they diseases of the mitochondrial phenotypes? >> say your name? >> [ inaudible ]

>> and this gentleman is working with will bore at nia, doing a very important study, trying to use information sciences to go through the literature and define the phenotypes of known mitochondrial disease to try and develop algorithm for better diagnosis.

the -- so this is an area of discussion in the field, there are some people that would like to split the field of mitochondrial medicine into what they call primary disease and secondary disease. i actually feel this is really more of a continuum, and that

there are diseases that are due to mitochondrial dna mutations, diseases due to nuclear mutations and mitochondrial genes, also the interactions of the genes and of anatomical nuclear genes as well. so at this particular point, we have a big problem, because what

we see is different mitochondrial dna mutations, or different mutations in nuclear genes, they can give quite radically different phenotypes. that is one of the most questions, why we spend so many years trying to make mouse models to try and look at one

mutation to find the phenotype. but why would there be such phenotypic variation, why is the brain affected in some individuals in the heart, some eyes, some kidney. i think the mitochondria is pivotal to so many parts of the body.

you can have energetics, you could have changes in the ma tab lightsmetabolites, we wanteverything to be linear but i think this is such a pivotal system it affects every organ system, every institute here at nih, and will affect them in different ways, we can only understand that by

truly understanding the physiology of this. that's where we're at right now. >> great. we're over time but we'll take two more questions. here? >> all right, thank you very much.

very interesting talk. i was wondering about the connection between mitochondria and aging, and so in mitochondrial diseases you need sometimes 70% expansion of the mutation to get a phenotype, whereas in aging, it's upon postulated or proposed with

aging you get accumulation of dna damage that leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, but the accumulations that you see in aging is much, much -- on a much, much lower frequency. is that something you could elaborate on? >> right.

so that's a really good question. but remember, the cell has five thousand far gets. and so the concept that we have from being a mendelian geneticist, two alleles, you get two, you're done. we could have one out of five

thousand that are mutant here. so you could have five thousand mutants, a different one in every mitochondrial dna. and that concept is also very relevant in cancer. we're working with cancer, how it affects cancer cell growth, it's a really big area.

how do you quantify that when you have many different mutations? so one of the things we spent a lot of time and money on is trying to develop ways to literally analyze every single mitochondrial dna, define its mutations and add that up as a

population biology. and then you'll see that in fact even though any one mitochondrial mutation is very low, the sum total is actually quite prodigious. we heard earlier today the studies by larson and pocovv where they put in a polymerase

causing the animals to age prematurelily. they don't get one mutation, they get many mutations, again, you have to quantify every mitochondrial separately. >> thank you. >> the last question, you can answer other questions in the

library in a minute. final question over here, yes? >> you showed in your mouse studies that the dilatarious allelee were less in every jays bugeneration but in humans it didn't happen. >> i didn't make that as clear as i should have.

our work at the current state shows -- in humans, the female generates about 3 to 5 million proto-ocytes, ovulating 400 viable eggs. where are the rest of the cells going? it seems every time a female goes to the cycle, many

hundreds, if not a thousand, of these begin to mature. and then in fact they are in competition with each other and almost all of them will die by apoptosis, only a few will form a mature follicle and apoptose. it turns out the ones with the highest undergo apoptosis.

the cells with the most mitochondria have the most oxidative stress, so you have an intraovarian competition, that competition is not on or off. so evolution wants variability to go into the species. i'm arguing it's the evolutionary radiation tool.

so the threshold is not at zero. it's up at a level. we get a lot of 3243 mutation patients, that's dilatarious when it's homoplasmic. when it's low, it gives you migraine headaches. it's not enough to clear the ovary but not to see the

patients in the clinic. that's why we have so many specific mitochondrial >> please join the conversation in the library over coffee and cookies and please thank our speaker again.

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Selasa, 29 November 2016

cancer de colon tratamiento

cancer de colon tipos

cancer de colon tratamiento

[title]

good afternoon, everybody, my name is gary yourofsky. please take a moment and write down my email address and my website, in case you want to contact me later on. today we are going to talk about the world's forgotten victims: animals. and the world's oldest and strongest addiction: meat. i'm going to challenge your belief systems today, so certain parts of the speech will be intense, but let me start with a quick disclaimer:

i am not here to be your enemy. the views expressed today, do not necessarily reflect the views of your professor or this institution. i am not trying to take you away from your religion. no religion mandates meat eating! the golden rule states: "do unto others as you would have done unto yourself" and animals qualify as "others"! and "thou shalt not kill"! the four most important, and yet, most ignored words in all religious teachings. there is not an asterisk next to that commandment saying:

"unless you walk on all four and have fur, feathers, horns, beaks or gills." you can keep your friends, your politics and you patriotism, still watch your favorite tv shows and listen to your favorite music, even if it's ted nugent. i'll be making some sarcastic, yet truthful comments throughout the speech. please feel free to laugh while i'm being sarcastic, just don't laugh during the serious parts. and i'm gonna speak for around 65, maybe 70 minutes, but then we'll do a q&a session after, for about half an hour, so hold your questions until then.

in the meantime, i have some rhetorical questions for you. is slavery - owner, victim, profit, domination - exclusive to the human race? have blacks, jews, women and children been the only victims of this atrocity? have not cows been enslaved? what about pigs, chickens, turkeys, fish, sheep? if they're not enslaved, then what are they? free? can slavery have a victim that is neither a human, nor an animal? have not the oceans, the forests, the earth itself, become victims of ownership too? and what about a slaughterhouse?

house...of...slaughter: slaughterhouse. do you really think there is such a thing as "humane slaughter"? exactly what is your definition of "humane"? besides psychological and physical abuse, torture, dismemberment and murder, what else do you think happens to animals inside of a slaughterhouse? do you think they get belly rubs and tushy slaps? and if you think there is such a thing as "humane slaughter", i'm curious, do you also think there is such a thing as "humane" rape? "humane" child molestation?

"humane" slavery? how about "humane" holocaust? in fact, what is your definition of a holocaust? is it a massacre of human beings, or a massacre of innocent beings? i thought it was innocent... which brings us to the biggest holocaust massacre of all: every year in america, without mercy, we murder 10 billion land animals, and 18 billion marine animals. not for health, survival, sustenance or self-defense.

people eat meat, cheese, milk and eggs for 4 reasons: habit tradition convenience taste i want to define a word that might be new to some people right now, and it's 'vegan', it's up there, on the screen: v-e-g-a-n. vegans, like vegetarians, do not consume the meat of any land or marine animals. vegans, however, unlike vegetarians,

also refrain from eating cheese, milk, eggs, honey or any animal product, whatsoever. we also don't wear animals skins, no fur, wool, leather, silk or down. now, i want to let you all know, that i was not raised vegan. i ate meat, cheese, milk and eggs for around 25 years. i used to wear leather shoes, belts and jackets like everyone else. in fact, around 20 years ago, i even owned a fur coat. needless to say, i understand your lifestyle, it used to be mine. and for people involved in politics... let's get this out of the way right now.

i am not a democrat, an anarchist or some hippie with a closet full of tie-dyed shirts. i'm not a republican, a socialist or a fascist. i'm an activist, root word is 'active'. i've been banned from 5 countries so far, and arrested 13 times, for random acts of kindness and compassion, on behalf of my animal brothers and sisters, if you want to read up about that, check out my website. and today, i would love to give you a chance to actually do something, and truly get involved! because i understand that a lot of people want to get involved, honestly i do.

but putting a "coexist" bumper sticker on your car, wearing a "what would jesus do?" bracelet, or sporting a "peace and love and sunshine" t-shirt: that is not "getting involved"! i understand that we are all on a journey in life. we all have different likes and dislikes, different nationalities and religions too, but there is one thing that we need to have in common with each other, and that's peace! genuine compassion and genuine peace for our planetary companions!

contrary to political and religious dogma, animals do not belong to us. they are not commodities! they are not property! and they are not inanimate, stupid objects, who can't think and feel! that descartes' cartesian way of looking at animals, like they're machines... it is outdated, and quite frankly, 100% insane. because, if we all understand that animals use their eyes to see, ears to hear, noses to smell, mouths to eat,

legs to walk, feathers to fly, fins to swim, genitalia to procreate, bowels to defecate, i'm always perplexed that most people don't believe that they can also use their brains to think, feel, be rational, be aware and be self-aware! am i supposed to believe, that every body part of an animal functions just like it's supposed to,

except the brain? those lies are thick. the propaganda from the animal abusers is enormous! i mean, when was the last time you turned on tv and saw a commercial for shiitake mushrooms? people singing and dancing down the streets, having a good time eating mushrooms? how about alfalfa spouts? quinoa? (it's a seed) radishes? raspberries?

tofu? you don’t see that stuff advertised on tv. what you see instead? have some more meat! have some more cheese! have some more cheese on your meat! meat, cheese, double cheese, extra cheese, and how about a little more cheese with your meat? have some more cows milk, have some more eggs! and then what do you see interspersed between those advertisements??? not feeling so well? need to see a cancer specialist? how about a heart doctor?

needs some lipitor? zocor? crestor? plavix? needs some diet pills? how about some energy drinks? some kaopectate? tums! pepto bismol... you’ve been duped. they’re killing you, they’re killing the animals, and they’re killing this planet. and those blinders are on nice and tightly, but if you give me an open mind today, that's all i ask for, an open mind, i'm gonna take your blinders right off! my goal is simple. all i want to do is re-connect people with animals.

awaken some emotions and some feelings and some logic, that is been buried and suppressed, intentionally, by our society. and the reason why i say "re-connect" it's because each and every person in this room used to be a real animal rights person at one time, a true animal lover, and a real friend to the animal kingdom. and it's when we were kids! when we were young...when we were kids...man!...we used to be in awe of animals. they used to make us laugh, and giggle and smile. they made us pretty happy! and there was a time in our lives, when we would do just about anything in the world to make them happy as well.

to protect them from cruelty! or to, at least, acknowledge the cruelty they were receiving. i mean, if somebody was mean to an animal in front of us when we were little, we would have screamed and cried. and that's because we all used to understand right from wrong, when it came to the treatment of animals. until somebody told us, and taught us differently. you better believe that somebody told us to ignore their suffering! to mock and excuse, their pain, and their misery. to make fun of their very existence.

and this is something i want you to focus on - today, tomorrow and beyond... what in the hell happened along the way?! who taught us to be so mean, and nasty and vicious and hateful, or indifferent towards animals when they used to be our friends? these are innocent beings, who have done nothing wrong to us. because i'm pretty sure, we can all agree on at least one thing right now... that hatred, in its purest form, is a learned behavior. racism. sexism. heterosexism. antisemitism. misogyny... these are all learned behaviours! when kids are 2, 3, 4 years old, playing on a playground

they couldn't care less about the color of their friends' skin or their religious background. i don't think there is any doubt, that hatred, in its purest form, is learned. so species-ism is no different. that's going to be a new word to a lot of people, it's up here on the screen, below the word "vegan" is the word 'species', with an -ism attached to it, and i want to define this word as the unethical, unprincipled point of view, that the human species has every right to exploit, enslave and murder another species. and all because we believe that our species is so more special, so more superior than the other ones,

that we're the only ones that count, and we're the only ones that matter. now, correct me if i'm wrong, but that line of thinking, that thought process, that is the basis of all forms of discrimination. one group saying and thinking that they're more special than everyone else, and they proceed to exploit them, oppress them, denying them their right to be free. they treat them like property, they enslave them in many cases, and in many other cases they murder them with premeditation, and without penalty. and understand something essential about discrimination!

it is never ok to be picking and choosing which forms of discrimination to be opposed to... and which ones to say are evil: racism... and which ones to say are okay: speciesism. discrimination is evil on its foundation...or it is not. we cannot have this one both ways, it doesn't work like that. i want to ask you, to use some empathy right now. and when i say 'empathy', what i'm saying is: place yourself in the position of the animals, and start to view this issue from the animals' point of view. from the victims' point of view.

when you examine any form of injustice, whether humans are victims or animals are victims, please remember the victim's point of view. if you are not the victim, don't examine it entirely from your point of view because when you're not the victim, it becomes pretty easy to rationalize and excuse cruelty, injustice, inequality, slavery, and even murder. but when you're the victim, things look a lot differently from that angle. and now, i want to show a graphic, 4 minute video right now, about what goes on inside of a slaughterhouse.

i want to ask you, not to turn away, not to close your eyes during this video. it's because, if you choose to eat meat, cheese, milk and eggs, i think, at the very least, you are obligated to see the pain and suffering you are causing. but if you do feel the need to turn away or close your eyes during this video, you might want to ask yourself a question: if it's not good enough for my eyes, then why is it good enough for my stomach? did you ever wonder why mcdonald's and burger king and wendy's never show you those images in their tv ads? instead they show you smiling cartoon caricatures of animals singing and dancing and playing, lying to you.

brainwashing you. programming you not to care about things you would normally care about. things that you used to care about. right now, at this very moment, on american highways, there are no less than 5,000 concentration camp trucks. trucks that we have constructed. inside these trucks, there are living, terrified innocent beings. cows and pigs and chickens...

these trucks are being driven to concentration camp's slaughterhouses that we carefully constructed all across america. when the trucks arrive, the animals are so frightened that they won't even get off the truck. they're not stupid(!), they know what's next. so people go on the trucks with electric prods and force them to walk down the chutes to their own deaths. or if the animals are small enough to man handle, like chickens,

we'll just grab them off the trucks and toss them inside. inside, these innocent, living beings are hanged upside down, fully conscious. in other words, they go in alive, against their will, and come out chopped up, into hundreds of pieces. but do you know what's more insane than that? meat eaters. walking around like their lifestyle isn't causing any harm,

like it's normal and natural to be consuming violence and death. how would you feel, if the day that you were born, somebody else had already planned the day of your execution? that's what it's like to be a cow, a pig, a chicken or a turkey on this planet. i think this type of behavior is inexcusable, an unbecoming of a species that claims to understand right from wrong! the animals have not done one single thing to us, to deserve the wrath and cruelty that we hurl on them. and i hope you all understand what i'm offering you today... when you hit the door, after my speech...

are you aware, that for the first time ever, you can now directly participate in ending a massacre? instead of sitting around and paying lip service to all the massacres, and all the problems that are always going on, on this planet. what is so frustrating to me, when i travel this country doing around 250 lectures every year, to some 7500 students, is that everybody talks a good game. i've noticed that people are quite the smooth talkers when it comes to peace and compassion. i mean, people always want to tell me, never show me(!), just how "peaceful" they are,

because of what they believe in. or what makes them sad. "hey, gary, i believe in god! and i believe in angels, and i pray all the time"... "and those earthquakes...the one in chile, and haiti...aww, that was so sad!" no shit, it was sad. since when, does 'feeling sad' about an obvious tragedy, or 'believing in' something, make the world a better place, or make somebody a good person? and listen, folks, i am not trying to dog you out when i talk like this, i'm not! i'm just not a politician.

i'm not a bullshit artist. i don't know how to schmooze people, as you can see. it's kind of beyond me. i hope you appreciate my honesty and my genuineness today. and i'm not a sales person. i've got no books to sell you after my lecture. no dvds and no documentaries. no collection plate going around, i don't want your money.

i don't want your e mail addresses, and i don't want your mailing addresses. keep all that stuff. i am here to talk about the worst form of cruelty and violence taking place on this planet... even though most people don't seem to care about it. but when you sit back in the comfort of your living room, and you start condemning atrocities elsewhere... that is pure, unadulterated, lip service! that's the definition of "lip service." but veganism, this is now a chance to actually walk the compassionate talk that everybody is always talking about.

this is your chance to show others how truly peaceful you are. this is the chance for a personal revolution. to leave your mark on this planet by causing the least amount of harm possible! always being vegan. now come on, what's the argument for not causing the least amount of harm? inconvenience? indifference?

apathy? selfishness? i want you to know, i don't live in fantasy land. i am well aware that animals are suffering and dying, just because we're here on the planet with them. we build homes through their habitat. we pollute their environment. destroy their habitat. is there a reason we have to maximize the suffering? and maximize the cruelty and the death that they already endure, by eating them, on top of it all?

you want to talk about pouring salt into somebody else's wound, 98% !! and i repeat this stat, ‏98% of animals who are abused and killed on this planet, are abused and killed by the meat, dairy and egg industries. this is where all the harm is taking place! and in america, from birth until death, each meat eater consumes around 3000 land animals, and thousands of other marine animals. those are usda stats.

and they seem to think a lot of people eat animals, because we've all been told that humans are carnivores, we're omnivores, we're meat eaters and we're supposed to be doing this. are you aware that physiologically the human body is actually 100% herbivorous? plant eaters! the length of our intestines are somewhere between 7 to 13 times the length of our torso, our trunk. that's the same length of all herbivore animal intestines on this planet. they're very long. but the length of the intestines on real meat eaters,

hyenas, coyotes, bears, tigers and lions, only 3 to 6 times the length of their torso. they have a short intestinal tract, so they can push through quickly, decaying and rotting animal flesh. animal protein, cholesterol, saturated fat, trans-fatty acids, which is why it is impossible. i'll repeat, impossible, for any genuine meat eater to ever, clog their arteries. never happens to a real meat eater. what's the number one killer of humans who choose to eat meat, cheese, milk and egg?

heart disease from clogged arteries, atherosclerosis. humans and other herbivores, we sweat through our pores to cool ourselves. we don't pant, like dogs and cats and lions to cool ourselves down. no claws on the human hand, claws are a trademark of the carnivore and the omnivore. we have carbohydrate digestive enzymes in our saliva, only herbivores possess that, meaning we're supposed to be eating tons of carbohydrates like fruits and vegetables.

our teeth, broad, short, blunt, flat, just like the teeth of other herbivores and before somebody blurts out hey gary what about these canines dog. most of the herbivores have canines, incisors and molars it would not be possible for them, for us, to be eating hard fruit like apples without those teeth. our lower jaw goes from side to side in a grinding chewing motion, like this.....

we grind and chew when we eat. if you grind and chew when you eat, like you all do, you are an herbivore. the jaws of carnivores and omnivores can only go up and down, vertically, rip and swallow, there's no chewing, grinding, side to side action. and i'm a fair guy. i mean if somebody out there truly believes that humans are meat eaters. i'll give you 2 challenges to prove me wrong after class and please do so if you want.

i want you to go outside and locate a squirrel on campus, and when you spot that squirrel, put that carnivores feet into affect that everybody has and chase that squirrel down, pounce on him and catch him in your mouth. no tools, no weapons, no cages, no ones allowed to be a cheater and a fake carnivore in this challenge, and when you are done killing this squirrel in your mouth, be my guest, eat the squirrel. eyes, nose, face, toes, tail, anus, inner organs, blood, fur

and don't forget about the brains. you don't get to pick and choose which body parts you want to eat, and you don't get to cook it either. if people want to be real meat eaters, i'd love to see people eat raw flesh from the bone, down to the bone with nothing left but the bones, day after day after day. and challenge number two, find a 2 year old child, place the child in a crib, in the crib put 2 things, a live bunny rabbit and an apple.

if the child eats the bunny rabbit and plays with the apple, send me an email, would you let me know, because i'm gonna come back and buy everyone in this room a brand new car if that happens. benzes and beamers, leather interior too, in fact, next time i'm at georgia tech, if that happens, i will eat a steak sandwich in front of everybody, chase it down with a chili dog with extra cheese, a bucket of ice cream and a bag of beef jerky, too. and i'll take the jerky and i'll dip it in the ice cream and eat it like that. now i would not hold my breath on these promises,

not that i won't fulfill them, i'm a man of my word. but those things cannot and will not be happening, because humans also possess..... zero carnivorous instincts. zero omnivorous instincts, when we're born, young and growing up, we're all born vegan. we just acquire a taste for meat, cheese, milk and eggs after their forced down our throats during childhood. now, all i'm asking you to do is something normal and natural anyways.

eat what comes from the earth. every vitamin, mineral and nutrient that exists. protein, calcium, iron, potassium, all the b-vitamins, you have an original source, and it ain't the animals. you are aware that people eat animals after the animals have already eaten from the earth. people eat cows after the cows eat up the grass, some of the soil. then we ship 'em to a feedlot and feed 'em most of our corn, wheat, oats and soy. then we take more of the corn, wheat, oats and soy, shove it down the throats of pigs and chickens and turkeys.

stop filtering your nutrients through somebody else's body. it's illogical and irrational. go to those sources directly, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, grains, legumes. these things cannot harm you, cannot cause a disease and more importantly they harm no one else in the process! but when we consume what walks, what flies and what swims, that is abnormal. what does everybody think diseases come from? broccoli?

asparagus? kale, collard greens, blueberries, raspberries, strawberries, peaches, nectarines, grapes, bananas, avocados, onions, tomatoes, cucumbers, spinach? and in case anyone is wondering about those pesky little e. coli, salmonella contaminations a couple times a year with the vegetables... lets keep in mind the one and only source of e. coli and salmonella. shit! human shit or animal shit! spinach doesn't shit! broccoli doesn't shit! peanuts don't shit!

let's stop blaming the plant products when there's an e. coli, salmonella contamination. that's the fault of a meat eating society! why? well, meat eaters want billions of land animals to eat, so we have to mass produce billions of land animals. keep in mind, this has nothing to do with god. nothing to do with evolution anymore. this is a business! this is smithfield, conagra, perdue, tyson, mcdonalds, burger king, wendy's, kfc. that's why we have animal agriculture classes in college. so when we mass produce billions of land animals,

they have trillions of tons of manure. that stuff gets in the waterways, and there's run off onto the crops, or they're putting feces contaminated water directly onto the crops. but all of our main diseases, heart diseases, heart attacks and strokes, most of the cancers, prostate cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, kidney disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, high blood pressure, obesity, asthma, 4 main factors that cause them. now i know about other factors, i'm not saying that you can't get sick elsewhere, of course you can.

smoking, drinking, stress, chemicals of the environment, high fructose corn syrup, twinkies..... i know about the other things that can lead to an ailment, but the 4 main factors are found inside of meat, cheese, milk and eggs. cholesterol. saturated fat. trans fatty acids. animal protein. and i'll repeat that last one, that nobody wants to hear about - animal protein. but when you go vegan,

did you know that you eliminate cholesterol entirely from your diet. you can only get cholesterol from meat, cheese, milk and eggs. and your body makes cholesterol on its own, that's the only such thing as good cholesterol. if you bring it in from an outside source, it's automatically bad cholesterol. you can take out around 95% of saturated fat, when you go vegan. and you can take out all the naturally occurring trans fatty acids too. keep this in mind: between 2 to 9% of all meat, and all dairy is naturally comprised of trans fatty acids. and you can obviously take out all of animal protein. now animal protein is way too acidic for the human body.

we don't process it properly. it is the main reason why 1 in 3 meat eaters continually get cancer. and it's one of the main causes of osteoporosis. are you aware that when animal protein enters the human body, it makes our blood acidic, instantaneously? but our blood can't stay acidic for long or else we die. so our body has to figure out instantly how to neutralize the acidity. i have some good news and some bad news. let's start with the good.

our bodies have figured out how to neutralize the acidity. the bad news: there's only one way to make it happen at this point... with phosphate. there's only one source of phosphate in the human body, bones! just so you know, our bones are comprised of two things, calcium, phosphate and they're bonded together. so our body leeches calcium, phosphate out of the bones,

takes the phosphate to neutralize the acidity, and then we pee out the calcium. this is why every single epidemiological study, those little ones done on the human populations. every single one(!), shows that societies that consume the most amount of animal protein have the worst rates of osteoporosis, bone fractures and cancers. while societies that consume little to no animal protein, the vegan and vegetarian ones, hindus, buddhists, jains, rastafarians, seven day adventists have little to no rates of osteoporosis, bone fractures and cancers. and so we don't get into a debate during q&a about different medical studies that are out there. a lot a times when people know i'm coming to class in advance...

well, they'll spend a few hours online, looking up studies, print it out, wait for q&a, go "hey yourofsky, i got a study here that contradicted everything you told us today." "what's up with that?" well, here's what's up with that..... you don't need a medical study to show me what people are dying of, but for the record... every study you can produce showing that humans need meat, cheese, milk and eggs, i'll produce two. 2 to 1 ratio, showing that meat, cheese, milk and eggs are responsible for every major disease.

but, we all know medical studies can be manipulated either way. so even though i got a heavy 2 to 1 edge on this, i say toss them all out. because you don't need them. all you have to do, is pay attention to this meat, cheese, milk, egg eating society that we all live in. so how many of your family members and your friends' family members have a disease already, or have died already from a disease? because i can't be the only one affected by this. my grandfather died of from a heart attack, my grandma died from a stroke. my uncle jack died from a heart attack. and last october on the 15th, i got a call around midnight,

that my father had just died from a heart attack. my mom, she's got asthma. my step-dad's got heart disease so badly he takes 7 pills for breakfast. my best friend daren, four of his aunts and uncles have died from diabetes. his ex-girlfriend rita has breast cancer at 40 and she's dying. just found out a few months ago that his current girlfriend dione has ovarian cancer. and yesterday my girlfriend, just found out that her father has prostate cancer. what's the one thing we all have in common with each other besides the air we breathe and the water we drink? meat, cheese, milk and eggs.

animal products all day long. and i know you can blame some of the cancers on environmental pollution, there's no doubt about that. but how you gonna blame heart attacks and strokes on environmental pollution? and diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity? here, i'm going to break this down for you in a couple different ways today, i'll show you what's killing people, and i'm going to show you who's lying to you, too. flat out, bald faced lies. let's come to an agreement on the dairy industry... and let me know if i'm being unfair with this, i want to know. according to the dairy industry itself,

the main reason they exist, is so you can get calcium. fair, is that not their entire claim? "eat some cheese." "drink some cows milk." "strong bones, strong body." "milk does a body good." "got milk?" check it out with the usda: in america, we consume the most amount of dairy on the planet. right here. you can't even get a sandwich anymore, without cheese.

we put cheese in every nook and every cranny of every single food item, we put it inside the pizza crust now! we put cheese on top of salads, too. you can't even get a salad anymore without cheese. and if your lucky to find salad minus the cheese, what's the first thing people say to the waiter? "hey uh, can i get some ranch, or some thousand island?" "can you pour some dairy on these vegetables for me?" so in this society, where everybody is hooked on cheese. i mean hooked!

like it's been laced with weed, crack, ecstasy, morphine, and the antidote. most people can't even fathom one meal, let alone one day, or a lifetime in fact, if you wanna know why vegetarians never go vegan... cheese!

cheese on a baked potato, cheese on the broccoli, cheese on everything in sight. even lactose intolerant people eat cheese. and i don't care what anybody says about this, they might avoid straight up cows milk. but slap a double cheese pepperoni pizza down in front of a lactose intolerant person, no hesitation, right down the hatch. so, we got all these animal products going into our diet.

did you ever wonder why there are no less than three tv commercials being run for calcium supplements. actonel, boniva, citracal. you got to be kidding me! calcium supplements in america?! how come there's osteoporosis at all? how come at the vitamin stores, i say plural, stores,

cause when i travel the country, boy meat eaters pull me aside all the time and say: "hey gary, we eat meat cause you get everything you need from meat. all the vitamins, all the minerals all the nutrients." well how come in this meat, cheese, milk, egg eating society that we all live in, every city has not only 1, but 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 vitamin stores? how come rite-aid, cvs and walgreens now have complete vitamin sections too? with a whole shelf devoted to calcium supplements. i thought everybody was getting calcium from the animal products.

that's what the meat and dairy people say. newsflash! you don't. animal protein won't allow it. animal protein makes your blood acidic, so your body takes calcium phosphate out of the bones. phosphate to neutralize, calcium gets excreted through the urine. there are 4 commercials for fiber, metamucil,

fibercon, fibersure, and benefiber. if people ate a frickin' apple or a pear once in awhile, nobody would need help taking a shit. now pay attention, and look around and see what's going on. now with all this being said, we've established the four reasons why people eat meat, cheese, milk and eggs. no debating, no discussing it. tasty

yeah, i know why people do it, i did it for 25 years myself. we don't do this to be ethical and stay healthy. that's obvious. and we don't do this to help the environment out either. two quick things on the environment, and by the way go to my website, click on 'all about veganism', click on the environment section, world hunger and environmental pollution. root cause of world hunger - meat eating societies.

65% of the worlds grains are set aside every year to feed 53 billion land animals that are killed every year on this planet. and tens of billions of marine animals. we got fish farms nowadays. instead of using those crops for six and a half billion people. do the math on this, you don't have to be einstein to figure this equation out. and again, environmental pollution, air pollution, water pollution,

deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions... the number one cause is animal agriculture. now, i want to get back to 'tastes good', though, because i think meat tastes great. and it might shock you to hear me say that, but if you're doing some kind of extra credit essay on my speech, and you want to quote me, quote me right now: i love the way meat tastes. love it!

cheese... cows milk and eggs... guilty as charged. i did not stop eating this stuff because of a 'taste' issue. i stopped for ethics. morality. decency. compassion to the animals that i share this planet with. but here's the coolest thing about being vegan in this day in age:

it's never been easier! you can have the same smell, taste and texture of meat, cheese and milk, without it! nobody has to suffer and die for your dinner anymore, including you! they make all the products you like to eat, in a vegan version. they make it from soy and wheat and rice and hemp, i want to show you some of the products that are out there, and i am not receiving compensation from these companies. these are my selections, the best tasting mock meats. i'm going to put them up on the screen, so we can all see it clearly. do you guys like bacon?

lightlife smart bacon, bacon made from soy. this company, lightlife, also makes smoky tempeh bacon. now, tempeh is a fermented version of soy, so it tastes a little different than the other stuff, but keep in mind, i would not recommend products to you if they didn't taste fantastic. i am trying to win you over, so you go veg. i'm not showing you every product we have, some of our products suck! i'm showing you the best of the best. and when i say some of our products suck, don't act like there aren't shitty chinese restaurants, nasty pizza places, and disgusting hamburger joints, okay?

it works both ways. if it's made great, no matter what it is, it tastes great, if not, it's going to stink. lightlife also has soy chicken strips and steak strips, as well. they also have a full line of deli meats: turkey, baloney and ham. you can not tell the difference by sight, taste or texture. a small company called melissa's has soyrizo, vegan chorizo. energy bars! like cliff bars, luna bars, and a new bar, that just came out called pro bar, you might not have seen that one, yet. they're all vegan! and many other companies have a vegan energy bar, as well.

now, remember, when you go veg, you don't give up anything. you've got the vegan version of stuff, or eat things that are truly natural, like fruits and vegetables or beans and lentils. you like turkey? we've got you covered... my favorite product? tofurky! tofu turkey! stuffing on the inside! looks, smells and tastes like turkey, you've got to slice it with a knife, but guess what? no turkey had to suffer and die for this! tofurky also has tofurky slices, six different flavors of tofurky slices. tofurky also has tempe strips.

remember i talked about the faking bacon, the lightlife tempeh? they have some tempeh products, too. tofurky also has italian sausage, beer brats, and... there seems to be an addiction in our society for beef jerky? i don't know what the hell is going on with everybody's taste buds, everybody has lost their minds... but, we've got you covered...tofurky jerky! anything you're looking for, we've got that stuff veganized. and many other companies have a vegan jerky, as well. the absolute best company on the market right now, is it's all good gardein protein. that is one of their chicken dishes. that is two of their chicken dishes!

three chicken dishes! they have more chicken dishes, they have steak dishes, and they just came out a few months ago with buffalo wings, as well. trader joe's, that grocery chain, they want to compete now in the soy meat industry. they made their own brand of soy chicken and soy steak strips. there's a company called vegetarian plus, and they have vegan, citrus spareribs. and gardenburger has had riblets, mock ribs, for over ten years... i can't tell you how many of my meat eating friends and family members i've flat out fooled with this stuff! and this company also has shrimp, kung pao chicken, orange chicken and tuna rolls, as well.

now i mentioned wheat meat earlier, i don't think people really understand what it is, there's actually a name for it, it's called seitan. not satan, say'tan. and you want to give this stuff a try, too. and they now have flavored seitan on the market too, by upton's: ground beef style, chorizo style, they also have an italian sausage flavor, as well. another favorite company... nate's meatless meatballs! now, i know you guys have seen veggie burgers before, probably boca. but, if you don't like boca... good news:

there's amy's, morningstar farms, dr. praeger's, sunshine burgers and gardenburger, all the different tastes and textures. and if you're looking for no soy, a different kind of mock meat in you diet, a new company called bahama... rice burgers, burgers from rice. we also have sausage and meat balls made out of rice, as well. another company with a no soy, a different kind of mock meat taste, a small company from cincinnati, called five star foodies has artichoke burgers, my new favorite kind of veggie burger by far, burgers from artichokes! they also have a harvest roast! it says 'vegetarian' but it is vegan.

it's a fake turkey with fake skin around it, too. now, amy's is on the market, and i know you've seen her stuff. she's got a ton of stuff, but keep in mind, most of her stuff is only vegetarian. it still has eggs and cheese, and other animal by-products in there. but, one of her vegan stuff, tofu scramblers... a fake egg! a hot pocket, that actually tastes good and is good for you too! and amy's also has rice macaroni with daiya cheese! a brand new vegan cheese on the market, daiya cheese, which you can find at whole foods, right now. it comes in two different flavors. a lot of people are going crazy for the daiya cheese... i still like follow your heart,

which has four different flavors of vegan cheese, comes in a big block and it melts. now, sometimes you've got to be creative with this stuff... lightlife also has vegan pepperoni which is ready to eat directly out of the bag. if you get some of this vegan pepperoni, buy yourself a tofutti pan pizza with tofutti soy cheese on it - tofutti also has cream cheese, sour cream and ice cream as well - before it goes in the oven or after it comes out of the oven, slaps some pepperoni on there and you got yourself a pizza. remember there is soy milk and rice milk, almond milk,

hemp milk, coconut milk, oat milk, hazelnuts milk. seven vegan milks on the market. there is soy ice cream, rice ice cream, almond ice cream and coconut milk ice cream, an ice cream bars by so delicious. and let me just say this, you have never in your life had ice cream till you had the coconut milk ice cream by so delicious. if you go to my website and click on 'veg shopping guide', i have taste-tested everything for you in advance. check out the brand names i recommend. i can assure you i eat nothing nasty.

and what about ethnic food, indian food, middle-eastern food, mexican food? plenty of veggie options there... italian food... pasta and spaghetti... and a real pasta, a real spaghetti, just like bread, never requires animal products. now unfortunately, we defiled these products - so you always have to ask or check out the ingredient list. but every italian joint has at least one, if not two or three of the genuine noodles, which are always vegan. and when it comes to best bread around - whole foods or panera bread, breugger's bagels, einstein bagels -

90% of those breads and bagels are always vegan. our asian food, japanese food, chinese food, thai food, korean food, vietnamese food, all you have to do is substitute tofu for the meat in any of their dishes, tell them to make it without fish sauce and you have a vegan meal. and soul food can be veganized as well. in fact, you guys are pretty lucky to be in atlanta. you have two soul food restaurants owned by the same company - soul vegetarian - 10 minutes from campus. vegan mac 'n cheese, collard greens, yams. they have something called a "kale bone" sandwich, which is a fake roast beef sandwich with cheese dripping off of it, too.

you got to check out soul vegetarian. and don't think i don't watch your faces when i'm up here. how come, when i talk about mock meat, you always catch a handful of people in every crowd, and we have a big crowd today so i stopped counting at about 8 or 9. how come there is always a handful of people that wrinkle up their noses, make big wide eyes, and start glancing at the people next to them or across the aisle like “soy chicken, is this guy crazy? soy bacon? he must be out of his mind!” how come this stuff, that is made of soy, wheat, vegetables, grains and spices - no chemicals(!), contrary to the lies being spread about these products by the meat and dairy industries.

how come this stuff is considered gross to most people... but meat? meat’s got five components, let me break it down for you: blood, flesh, veins, muscles and tendons - the cut up corpse of a dismembered body. how does meat not qualify as gross and disgusting to everybody? how in the world is a beverage, a liquid that oozes out of the udders of cows, a secretion that drips from the mammary glands of another being, that’s loaded with pus by the way. oh yeah, let me tell you about the pus in your cow milk - it’d be my pleasure. when you hook machines up to the udders of cows three times a day to suck them dry,

those machines cause massive amounts of infections on the inside and outside of the udder. now let’s add all the bovine growth hormone they put in cows to make sure they provide huge quantities of milk, which always leads to another infection. the machine doesn’t know what not to suck out! pus, mucus and infections right in with your milk, and yeah milk is pasteurized... but when did pasteurization become a removal process? it’s a sanitation process! you're only sanitizing pus, and you want to look this up online. well you don't think the dairy industry would ever use the word 'pus' when they write about this problem

in their own trade journals, yeah their gonna deceive you again with this... look up the scientific term for pus: "somatic cell count". and by the way, our government, the usda, they allow the dairy industry to have a maximum amount of one eye dropper full of pus in every glass of milk. drink up… oh! and by the way, when your looking up that lie from the dairy industry and all the other ones... you might wanna look up 'casomorphins', i got it up on both sides of the board. remember that part of the speech earlier when i talked about people being hooked

on cheese like it was laced with weed, crack and morphine? mother cows, before birth, produce a substance in their milk to make sure that the calf stays close. and actually human women do this too - it's not morphine but in cows it is, a version of morphine - casomorphins. that's why people are so hooked on cheese, gotta have their daily fix of morphine. does anybody know what an egg actually is from a hen? and don’t say embryo or aborted fetus - not even close, it’s unfertilized so it can’t be either. hen is a female, though,

unfertilized egg through a female system?â â it’s part of her menstruation cycle, it’s a hen’s period! people scramble up hen periods in the morning and all the sudden i’m weird because i don’t make omelets anymore? and what about vomit? oh, we’re going to take those blinders off today. c’mon you guys love vomit, you adore it all over your food. better give this one a pretty name, though. nobody’s going to buy and eat vomit.

unless we call it honey instead. honey comes directly from a bee stomach, it is regurgitated right through a bee's mouth - look it up with any wildlife biologist. but nobody wants to eat bee-vomit nut cheerios, we want honey nut cheerios - so we lie to ourselves to play euphemism games. the standard diet of a meat eater is blood, flesh, veins, muscles, tendons, cow secretions, hen periods and bee vomit?!?! now we’re not done yet...

i am not going to let you off that easy, not while i’ve got you here today. you know where we top this all off in my opinion? because every november, during the certain holiday people love so much, people take a dead turkey, open up the dead turkey’s ass, or carve out a really big hole in their ass, take some stuffing and shove it inside their dead empty ass, and use the little dead ass as an oven to bake some bread. somebody else’s dead empty bacteria-laden ass to make bread?!?!

ass bread?! and people think vegans are weird?!?! cause we eat tofu? and rice, and beans, and lentils? i tell people one of my favorite meals nowadays: yams. boy, dish me up a plate of yams for dinner and i’m a happy guy. i know how most people are, though, i tell them that and they’re like "wait, you just eat yams for dinner?! i don’t know man, that’s kinda weird...” okay

but somebody else’s ribcage sitting on your plate isn’t weird? doesn't make you think twice? severed legs, sliced up thighs, and mutilated breasts sitting on your plate doesn't make you think twice... and you wanna know why? those blinders are on nice and tightly aren’t they? and i bet most of you were perturbed at me when the speech began and i accused everybody of having blinders on. i'm not here to be your enemy.

i'm here to call you out, though. you might have had a pretty good excuse before i got here of being uninformed and misinformed. okay, that's fair. honestly - i was the same for a long time. i'm kinda curious, though, what's the excuse now? you got a choice today, when you leave this room, you can choose to be radically kind - never to intentionally harm another animal for breakfast, lunch or dinner ever again.

these creatures have never harmed you, violated you or taken advantage of you in any shape of form, the least you can do is return the favor. or you can stay radically cruel - keep the status quo as is, make sure animals have no freedom, make sure they never experience one drop of human kindness, make sure their babies are stolen from them, make sure their beaks are sliced off, their horns cut off and their testicles are ripped off. make sure there is a knife in their throat every second of every day for eternity.

i really hope you make the right choice. i wanna rap this speech up, so we can do our q&a session. give me about 6 more minutes to say something on the dairy industry, as it pertains directly to cows. we talked about the pus in cow milk, which is gross. we talked about the unhealthiness of consuming dairy products, but we have yet to focus on what the cows are going through. keep in mind, veganism isn't about your health - that will be selfish. i'm trying to get people to be unselfish, for a change. to be altruistic, do something kind for somebody else

and when you do that, don't expect something in return. but when it comes to cruelty, i think there is more cruelty in a glass of milk than a steak. i wanna make my case visually and verbally. you will only be the 11th class to see what i'm about to show. cause this just went down a few months ago in plain city, ohio, at a ma n' pa dairy farm. warning: disturbing content. viewer discretion is advised. ohio dairy farm brutality gary conklin, farm owner holy shit, did you just break a tail?

oh yeah. stand the fuck still, fucker. i get going. it's just like "oh this feels good." i wanna keep fucking hitting 'em. we beat the fuck out of this cow. we stabbed her, broke her tail in three places, kept stabbin' her ass, beat her. next day gary says "we're gonna send her to beef" cuz she had mastitis and all. couldn't get her in the parlor. we beat the fuck out... i mean i drugged that cow, i beat that fucker till her face was like this big around. alright, you made me mad calf. i gave you a chance.

turn your head. turn your head, fucker! turn your ass, turn your ass, c'mon! fuckin' tired of this calf. oh, i gotta bad. ah, my blood pressure's up. if i don't think they're feeling any pain, i just keep going until the cows like [moaning noise] and i'm like "yeah that's done."

ditch cruelty. ditch dairy. this is not an isolated incident! don't for one minute think that this is an isolated incident! this is how slaves are treated! you don't really think that slaves get treated nicely, do you? you really think white people were nice when they shipped black people over here on ships? you don't think nazis were nice when they walked jews and gypsies into the gas chambers, do you? and this happens because you wanna buy those products. yeah, that guy is a scumbag for doing that,

but he's doing that because you wanna eat what comes out of her body. and enough already!! you're not a caveman and you're not a cavewoman anymore. stop acting like neanderthals! this is 2010! give it up!! it's not cute and it's not funny! cause animals are being abused. it is not your right! it is not your freedom to do this to them!

you don't get to have freedom when somebody else doesn't. that's a violation. and if you wonder why vegans get so upset sometimes, like i am right now, you just saw some of it. every time we show up at a farm, somebody is punching, kicking and stabbing somebody. and something else that i'm curious about, how come when i show videos like this, of people punching and kicking animals, people are more upset with that than when they shove a knife in their throat? so, even if you find a farm where they not punching and kicking,

when they shove a knife in their throat and put a bullet between their eyes, how is that not cruelty??? did you know that 90% of hamburger meat in america comes from the dairy industry? when cows no longer give huge amounts of milk after 3 to 7years - slaughterhouse, no exceptions. if ever given a change, cows can live to be 18 to 25. and cows are like all female mammals... i'm not trying to talk down to you, when i speak about animal issues. it's just that people don't think that animals go through the same things, the same emotions, that you go through, that we all go through.

in order for a female mammal to give milk, she has to be pregnant. every year, every cow on every dairy farm is raped! a long steel device, shoved into their vaginas to inject them with bull semen, or sometimes they use a bare hand. this forces the milk flow. and after she gives birth, babies are stolen. and let me tell you something, the worse scream i have ever heard, and i've heard them all first hand. when i started finding out about this stuff, a little over 15 years ago, i was like everybody else.

i didn't believe it was that bad, i thought that everybody was exaggerating. but unlike everybody else who just blows it aside, brushes it off, i actually went to see what was going on. i spent 6 weeks at thorn apple valley pigs slaughterhouse in detroit in 1993. i broke into animal research laboratories. i broke into fur farms. i went behind the scenes of every circus and every rodeo that ever came through michigan. worse scream i have ever heard! a mother cow on a dairy farm, as she screams and bawls her lungs out day after day for her stolen baby, to be given back to her.

and i can only imagine, the same scream every woman in this room would make, if somebody held you down after birth and stole your newborn baby from you. and why do they take babies away from their mom? well, the dairy industry can't have little babies sucking up all that milk that was meant for them, when they rather sell it to you instead. every time you have a glass of cow milk, some calf is not. and mother cows make milk for one reason anyways. during q&a we are about to have, you can ask me whatever you want.

i'm no politician, bring up anything. if you went online before i got here and saw my radical assays, that got me kicked out of countries, bring 'em up! there is one question i will not entertain, though: you cannot ask me why cows make milk! "thus, if it's good for us..." "shouldn't we be feeding it to our kids, gary?" "shouldn't we be having it?" nature took care of this one at the beginning of time: cows make milk for their babies and for their babies alone. case is closed! forever! permanently! no debate. no discussion.

they don't make milk for baby elephants... baby orangutans, baby hedgehogs, baby rabbits, baby rats, baby humans, adolescence humans or adult humans. this body of ours has absolutely no need for cow milk, like it has absolutely no need for giraffe milk. and zebra milk and rhinoceros milk, hippopotamus milk, camel milk, deer milk, antelope milk, horse milk, pig milk, dog milk and cat milk. the only milk that we ever need is our own mother breast milk when we're born. and that's it! and when we're done weaning, we never need one drop of milk ever again.

no species on this planet needs milk after they're done weaning. but if you want to include some kind of milk in your diet like i do, let me reiterate the good news: soy milk, rice milk, almond milk, hemp milk, coconut milk, oat milk, hazelnuts milk. i promise you'll like one of those seven vegan milks. remember, when you go veg, you don't give up anything! you got the vegan version of stuff, or eat things that are truly natural like fruits and vegetables, beans and lentils, and seeds. i wanna thank everybody for listening with an open mind, i do appreciate that.